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Paternal care
In biology, paternal care is parental investment provided by a male animal to his own offspring. Paternal care may provided in concert with the mother (biparental care) or, more rarely, by the male alone (so called exclusive paternal care).
The provision of care, by either males or females, is presumed to increase growth rates, quality, and/or survival of young, and hence ultimately increase the inclusive fitness of parents.〔Lack, L. 1968. Ecological Adaptations for Breeding in Birds. Methuen, London.〕〔Trivers, R. L. 1972. Parental investment and sexual selection. Pages 136-179 in Campbell, B., Ed., Sexual selection and the descent of Man 1871–1971. Aldine Pub, Chicago.〕 In a variety of vertebrate species (e.g., about 80% of birds and about 6% of mammals),〔Kleiman, D. G., & Malcolm, J. R., 1981. The evolution of male parental investment in mammals. Pages 347-387 in D. J. Gubernick and P. H. Klopfer, Eds., Parental care in mammals. Plenum Press, New York.〕 both males and females invest heavily in their offspring. Many of these biparental species are socially monogamous, so individuals remain with their mate for at least one breeding season.
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